[스크랩] BBC North Korea Country profile(영국 BBC 북한 주요 자료)

Country profile: North Korea

For decades North Korea has been one of the world's most secretive societies. It is one of the few remaining countries still under communist rule.
Hopes that its rigid isolation might have been coming to an end have been scotched by an ongoing nuclear crisis.

North Korea emerged in 1948 amid the chaos following the end of World War II. Its history is dominated by its Great Leader, Kim Il-sung, who shaped political affairs for almost half a century.



OVERVIEW



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After the Korean War, Kim Il-sung introduced the personal philosophy of Juche, or self-reliance, which became a guiding light for North Korea's development. Kim Il-sung's son, Kim Jong-il, is now head of state, but the post of president has been assigned "eternally" to his late father.

Decades of this rigid state-controlled system have led to stagnation and a leadership dependent on the cult of personality.


Public displays are well-rehearsed, highly-synchronised
Aid agencies have estimated that up to two million people have died since the mid-1990s because of acute food shortages caused by natural disasters and economic mismanagement. The country relies on foreign aid to feed millions of its people.


The totalitarian state also stands accused of systematic human rights abuses. Reports of torture, public executions, slave labour, and forced abortions and infanticides in prison camps have emerged. A US-based rights group has estimated that there are up to 200,000 political prisoners in North Korea.


Pyongyang has accused successive South Korean governments of being US "puppets", but South Korean President Kim Dae-jung's visit in 2000 signalled a thaw in relations. Seoul's "sunshine policy" towards the north aimed to encourage change through dialogue and aid.


But this tentative reaching-out to the world was dealt a blow in 2002 by Pyongyang's decision to reactivate a nuclear reactor and to expel international inspectors. The country is said to have a handful of nuclear weapons and a uranium-enrichment programme. It has declared itself a nuclear power and has an active missile programme.


Diplomatic efforts have so far failed to rein in North Korea's nuclear ambitions and US President George W Bush has named it as part of an "axis of evil".

North Korea maintains one of the world's largest standing armies and militarism pervades everyday life. But standards of training, discipline and equipment in the force are said to be low.

FACTS



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Population: 22.9 million (UN, 2005)
Capital: Pyongyang
Area: 122,762 sq km (47,399 sq miles)
Major language: Korean
Major religions: Mainly atheist or non-religious, traditional beliefs
Life expectancy: 60 years (men), 66 years (women) (UN)
Monetary unit: 1 won = 100 chon
Main exports: Minerals and metals, cement, agricultural products
GNI per capita: n/a
Internet domain: .kp
International dialling code: +850
LEADERS



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Eternal president: Kim Il-sung (deceased)

Chairman, National Defence Commission: Kim Jong-il

Beyond the elaborate personality cult through which he rules, little is known about Kim Jong-il's character.



"Dear Leader" Kim Jong-il

Mr Kim is rarely photographed and is almost never heard in radio and TV broadcasts.

After the death of Kim Il-sung in 1994, Kim Jong-il did not immediately assume his father's titles; there were reports that Kim Il-sung's first choice as successor was the younger brother, Kim Yong-ju. Kim Jong-il eventually became head of the Korean Workers' Party in 1997.


He is credited with writing six operas in two years, and with personally designing the huge Juche tower in Pyongyang.


In recent years he has met several world leaders, including the South Korean president and the Japanese prime minister. He has attended summits in Moscow and Beijing.


Mr Kim is sometimes caricatured as a reclusive playboy with bouffant hair, platform shoes and a taste for cognac.


His health has been the subject of speculation. Mr Kim is said to have gastric problems arising from his love of spicy food. Other reports suggest that he has liver problems. North Korea watchers believe that one of Mr Kim's three sons will become the dictator's anointed heir.


Kim Jong-il was born in Siberia in 1941 during his father's period of exile in the former Soviet Union.


But official North Korean accounts say he was born in a log cabin at his father's guerrilla base on the country's highest mountain - an event marked by a double rainbow and a new star in the sky.



Premier: Pak Pong-ju
Foreign affairs minister: Paek Nam-sun
People's Armed Forces minister: Kim Il-chol
Finance minister: Mun Il-bong
MEDIA



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Radio and TV sets in North Korea are pre-tuned to government stations that pump out a steady stream of propaganda. The state has been dubbed the world's worst violator of press freedom by the media rights body Reporters Without Frontiers.


Press outlets and broadcasters - all of them under direct state control - serve up a menu of flattering reports about Kim Jong-il and his daily agenda. North Korea's economic hardships or famines are not reported.


However, after the historic Korean summit in Pyongyang in 2000, media outlets toned down their fierce denunciations of the Seoul government.


Ordinary North Koreans caught listening to foreign broadcasts risk harsh punishments, such as forced labour.


North Korea has a minimal presence on the internet. The web pages of North Korea's official news agency, KCNA, are hosted by the agency's bureau in Japan.


The press


Rodong Sinmun (Labour Daily) - organ of Korean Workers' Party
Joson Inmingun (Korean People's Army Daily)
Minju Choson (Democratic Korea) - government organ
Rodongja Sinmum (Workers' Newspaper) - organ of trade union federation
Television and radio


Korean Central Broadcasting Station - radio station of Korean Workers' Party
Korean Central TV - TV station of Korean Workers' Party
Mansudae TV - cultural station
Voice of Korea - state-run external service, via shortwave
News agency


Korean Central News Agency (KCNA)


BBC NEWS:VIDEO AND AUDIO
North Korea's national anthem

Timeline: North Korea
A chronology of key events

NORTH KOREA: SECRET STATE

NUCLEAR TENSIONS

N Korea accord hits first hurdle
Real tests ahead on N Korea deal
Viewpoints: N Korea's pledge
Problems with food
Q&A: N Korea nuclear agreement
Timeline: Nuclear crisis

From atom to bomb
What does it take to make a nuclear weapon?


INSIDE NORTH KOREA


Holidays in North Korea
Economy at root of crisis
Profile: Kim Jong-il


Key figures in 'first family'
Country profile
History of the Korean War


HAVE YOUR SAY
Will nuclear deal hold?




RELATED BBC LINKS:
BBC Weather: North Korea


RELATED INTERNET LINKS:
North Korean government
Korean Central News Agency
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